Paper: 1MCACCE(B) – COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE
This course provides a deep understanding of how computers work at the hardware and architecture level, covering logic circuits, processor design, memory management, and input-output systems.
Unit-I: Digital Logic Circuits
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Digital Computers:
- Basic components of a computer system (Input, Output, Processor, Memory).
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Logic Gates:
- Fundamental gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR.
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Boolean Algebra:
- Boolean expressions and simplification.
- Karnaugh Map (K-Map) for simplification of Boolean expressions.
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Combinational Circuits:
- Half-Adder, Full-Adder (for addition of binary numbers).
- Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Encoders, Decoders.
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Sequential Circuits:
- Flip-Flops: SR, JK, D, T (used for storing data).
- Registers: Store and transfer multiple bits.
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Instruction Cycle:
- Phases: Fetch, Decode, Execute, and Store.
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Common Bus System:
- Architecture that allows data transfer between components.
Unit-II: Computer Organization and Design
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Basic Computer Design:
- Register transfer and micro-operations.
- Arithmetic operations, logic operations, and shift operations.
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Control Logic Design:
- Hardwired control: Fixed logic for control signals.
- Microprogrammed control: Control unit uses a microprogram to generate control signals.
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Accumulator Logic Design:
- Accumulator: A register for intermediate arithmetic/logic operations.
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Multiple Bus Organization:
- Designing computers with multiple buses for faster data transfer.
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Memory Addressing:
- Techniques to locate and retrieve data from memory.
- Direct, Indirect, and Indexed addressing modes.
Unit-III: Programming the Basic Computer
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Machine Language:
- Binary instruction set directly understood by hardware.
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Assembly Language:
- Low-level programming using mnemonics like ADD, SUB, MOV.
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Arithmetic and Logic Operations:
- Addition, subtraction, bitwise AND, OR, NOT.
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Program Loops and Subroutines:
- Loops: Repeating instructions.
- Subroutines: Blocks of reusable instructions.
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Character Manipulation:
- Operations on text data, including encoding and decoding.
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Interrupts:
- Mechanism for handling external/internal events during execution.
Unit-IV: Microprogrammed Control
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Control Memory:
- Stores microinstructions for the control unit.
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Microprogramming:
- Process of designing the control unit using microinstructions.
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Address Sequencing:
- Techniques to fetch the next microinstruction (incremental, branching).
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Conditional Branching:
- Control flow based on conditions (e.g., IF-THEN-ELSE).
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Mapping of Instructions:
- Translating machine instructions to microinstructions.
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Design of Control Unit:
- Creating hardwired or microprogrammed control units for processors.
Unit-V: Input-Output and Memory Organization
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Input-Output Organization:
- Peripheral Devices: Hardware like keyboards, monitors, printers.
- Modes of Transfer: Programmed I/O, Interrupt-driven I/O, DMA (Direct Memory Access).
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Priority Handling:
- Interrupt Prioritization: Managing multiple interrupts using daisy chaining and parallel priority.
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Memory Hierarchy:
- Registers: Fastest, smallest memory.
- Cache: High-speed buffer between processor and main memory.
- Main Memory: Stores active programs and data.
- Secondary Storage: HDD, SSD for bulk storage.
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Virtual Memory:
- Enables execution of programs larger than physical memory using paging/swapping.
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DMA (Direct Memory Access):
- Bypasses CPU for high-speed data transfer between peripherals and memory.
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Associative Memory:
- Content-addressable memory for faster data retrieval.
Key Features of the Course
- Focus on hardware: Includes logic circuits, computer design, and processor components.
- Memory management: Covers hierarchy, virtual memory, and cache design.
- Programming insights: Teaches assembly and machine-level programming.
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