System Analyst Skills; Attributes of a Systems Analyst.

    SAD-PDF                                 Instagram                              Twitter                        YouTube

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

System analyst Skill:

Attributes of a Systems Analyst

The following figure shows the attributes a systems analyst should possess −

Interpersonal Skills

• Interface with users and programmer.
• Facilitate groups and lead smaller teams.
• Managing expectations.
• Good understanding, communication, selling and teaching abilities.
• Motivator having the confidence to solve queries.

Analytical Skills

• System study and organizational knowledge
• Problem identification, problem analysis, and problem solving
• Sound commonsense
• Ability to access trade-off
• Curiosity to learn about new organization

Management Skills

• Understand users jargon and practices.
• Resource & project management.
• Change & risk management.
• Understand the management functions thoroughly.

 

Technical Skills

• Knowledge of computers and software.
• Keep abreast of modern development.
• Know of system design tools.
• Breadth knowledge about new technologies.

Black Box Testing, White Box Testing and Gray Box Testing System Analysis and Design

   SAD-PDF                                 Instagram                              Twitter                        YouTube

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

White Box Testing 

It is a software testing technique in which internal structure, design and coding of are tested.

it is done to verify the flow of input output in the software and to improve design, usability and security.

In this testing, programming skill are required to design test cases.

In white Box testing, code is visible to the testers so it is also called clear box testing, open box testing, transparent box testing, and glass box testing.

It focuses on checking of predefined input against expected and desired outputs.

In white box testing various test are performed, like:

>path testing

>loop testing

>condition testing

>memory consumption testing

>performance testing

Black Box Testing 

It is 

Gray Box Testing

It is 

AKU JTU

DIFERENCE WHITE BOX TESTING, BLACK BOX TESTING AND GRAY BOX TESTING

Role of System Analyst? System Analysis and Design

  SAD-PDF                                 Instagram                              Twitter                        YouTube

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Role of System Analyst

The system analyst is a person who is thoroughly aware of the system and guides the system development project by giving proper directions. He is an expert having technical and interpersonal skills to carry out development tasks required at each phase.

He pursues to match the objectives of information system with the organization goal.

Main Roles

·      Defining and understanding the requirement of user through various Fact finding techniques.

 

·      Prioritizing the requirements by obtaining user consensus.

·      Gathering the facts or information and acquires the opinions of users.

·      Maintains analysis and evaluation to arrive at appropriate system which is more user friendly.

·      Suggests many flexible alternative solutions, pick the best solution, and quantify cost and benefits.

·      Draw certain specifications which are easily understood by users and programmer in precise and detailed form.

·      Implemented the logical design of system which must be modular.

·      Plan the periodicity for evaluation after it has been used for some time, and modify the system as needed.

Define Prototyping:

   SAD-PDF                                 Instagram                              Twitter                        YouTube

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prototyping:

prototyping is defined as the process of Developing a working Replication of a product or system 

that has to be develop. It offers a small scale functionality of the end product and user for obtaining

customer feedback.

Testing? System Analysis and Design

   SAD-PDF                                 Instagram                              Twitter                        YouTube

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Testing

Testing is the process or activity that checks the functionality and correctness of software according to specified user requirements in order to improve the quality and reliability of system. It is an expensive, time consuming, and critical approach in system development which requires proper planning of overall testing process.

A successful test is one that finds the errors. It executes the program with explicit intention of finding error, i.e., making the program fail. It is a process of evaluating system with an intention of creating a strong system and mainly focuses on the weak areas of the system or software.

Characteristics of System Testing

System testing begins at the module level and proceeds towards the integration of the entire software system. Different testing techniques are used at different times while testing the system. It is conducted by the developer for small projects and by independent testing groups for large projects.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Types of Software Testing

• Difficulty Level : Easy

Introduction:-

Testing is the process of executing a program with the aim of finding errors. To make our software perform well it should be error-free. If testing is done successfully it will remove all the errors from the software. 
 

Principles of Testing:-

(i) All the test should meet the customer requirements 
(ii) To make our software testing should be performed by a third party 
(iii) Exhaustive testing is not possible. As we need the optimal amount of testing based on the risk assessment of the application. 
(iv) All the test to be conducted should be planned before implementing it 
(v) It follows the Pareto rule(80/20 rule) which states that 80% of errors come from 20% of program components. 
(vi) Start testing with small parts and extend it to large parts. 

 

Types of Testing:-

There are two type of testing-

1. FUNCTIONAL TESTING

2. NON-FUCTIONAL TESTING

 

Types of Functional Testing:-

1. Unit Testing

It focuses on the smallest unit of software design. In this, we test an individual unit or group of interrelated units. It is often done by the programmer by using sample input and observing its corresponding outputs. 
Example: 
 

a) In a program we are checking if loop, method or 
   function is working fine
b) Misunderstood or incorrect, arithmetic precedence.
c) Incorrect initialization

 

2. Integration Testing

The objective is to take unit tested components and build a program structure that has been dictated by design. Integration testing is testing in which a group of components is combined to produce output. 

Integration testing is of four types: (i) Top-down (ii) Bottom-up (iii) Sandwich (iv) Big-Bang 
Example 
 

(a) Black Box testing:- It is used for validation. 
In this we ignore internal working mechanism and 
focuse on what is the output?.

(b) White Box testing:- It is used for verification. 
In this we focus on internal mechanism i.e.
how the output is achieved?

 

3. Regression Testing

Every time a new module is added leads to changes in the program. This type of testing makes sure that the whole component works properly even after adding components to the complete program. 
Example 
 

In school record suppose we have module staff, students 
and finance combining these modules and checking if on 
integration these module works fine is regression testing

 

4. System Testing 

This software is tested such that it works fine for the different operating systems. It is covered under the black box testing technique. In this, we just focus on the required input and output without focusing on internal working. 
In this, we have security testing, recovery testing, stress testing, and performance testing 
Example: 
 

This include functional as well as non functional 
testing

 5.User- Acceptance Testing

User Acceptance Testing (UAT), which is performed on most UIT projects, sometimes called beta testing or end-user testing, is a phase of software development in which the software is tested in the "real world" by the intended audience or business representative.

Types of Non-Functional Testing:-

 1.Performance Testing 

It is designed to test the run-time performance of software within the context of an integrated system. It is used to test the speed and effectiveness of the program. It is also called load testing. In it we check, what is the performance of the system in the given load.
Example: 
 

Checking number of processor cycles.

2.Usability Testing 
Usability Testing also known as User Experience(UX)
Testing, is a testing method for measuring how easy and user-friendly a
software application is. A small set of target end-users, use software
application to expose usability defects. Usability testing mainly focuses on
user’s ease of using application, flexibility of application to handle controls
and ability of application to meet its objectives.

3.Compatibility testing :

Compatibility testing is software testing which comes under the Non functional testing category, and it is performed on an application to check its compatibility (running capability) on different platform/environments. This testing is done only when the application becomes stable. Means simply this compatibility test aims to check the developed software application functionality on various software, hardware platforms, network and browser etc. This compatibility testing is very important in product production and implementation point of view as it is performed to avoid future issues regarding compatibility.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

System Testing Process:

System Testing is performed in the following steps:

• Test Environment Setup:
  Create testing environment for the better quality testing.
• Create Test Case:
  Generate test case for the testing process.
• Create Test Data:
  Generate the data that is to be tested.
• Execute Test Case:
  After the generation of the test case and the test data, test cases are executed.
• Defect Reporting:
  Defects in the system are detected.
• Regression Testing:
  It is carried out to test the side effects of the testing process.
• Log Defects:
  Defects are fixed in this step.
• Retest:
  If the test is not successful then again test is performed.

Decision Trees? Decision Tables? System Analysis and Design

  SAD-PDF                                 Instagram                              Twitter                        YouTube

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

sitaramsahu.blogspot.com

Decision Trees

Decision trees are a method for defining complex relationships by describing decisions and avoiding the problems in communication. A decision tree is a diagram that shows alternative actions and conditions within horizontal tree framework. Thus, it depicts which conditions to consider first, second, and so on.

Decision trees depict the relationship of each condition and their permissible actions. A square node indicates an action and a circle indicates a condition. It forces analysts to consider the sequence of decisions and identifies the actual decision that must be made.

The major limitation of a decision tree is that it lacks information in its format to describe what other combinations of conditions you can take for testing. It is a single representation of the relationships between conditions and actions.

For example, refer the following decision tree −

Decision Tables

Decision tables are a method of describing the complex logical relationship in a precise manner which is easily understandable.

·      It is useful in situations where the resulting actions depend on the occurrence of one or several combinations of independent conditions.

·      It is a matrix containing row or columns for defining a problem and the actions.

Components of a Decision Table

·      Condition Stub − It is in the upper left quadrant which lists all the condition to be checked.

·      Action Stub − It is in the lower left quadrant which outlines all the action to be carried out to meet such condition.

·      Condition Entry − It is in upper right quadrant which provides answers to questions asked in condition stub quadrant.

·      Action Entry − It is in lower right quadrant which indicates the appropriate action resulting from the answers to the conditions in the condition entry quadrant.

The entries in decision table are given by Decision Rules which define the relationships between combinations of conditions and courses of action. In rules section,

• Y shows the existence of a condition.
• N represents the condition, which is not satisfied.
• A blank - against action states it is to be ignored.
• X (or a check mark will do) against action states it is to be carried out.

For example, refer the following table −

CONDITIONS	Rule 1	Rule 2	Rule 3	Rule 4
Advance payment made	Y	N	N	N
Purchase amount = Rs 10,000/-	-	Y	Y	N
Regular Customer	-	Y	N	-
ACTIONS
Give 5% discount	X	X	-	-
Give no discount	-	-	X	X

Category of Information? System Analysis and Design

  SAD-PDF                                 Instagram                              Twitter                        YouTube

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Categories of Information

There are three categories of information related to managerial levels and the decision managers make.

 

 

 

Strategic Information

·      This information is required by topmost management for long range planning policies for next few years. For example, trends in revenues, financial investment, and human resources, and population growth.

·      This type of information is achieved with the aid of Decision Support System (DSS).

Managerial Information

·      This type of Information is required by middle management for short and intermediate range planning which is in terms of months. For example, sales analysis, cash flow projection, and annual financial statements.

·      It is achieved with the aid of Management Information Systems (MIS).

Operational information

·      This type of information is required by low management for daily and short term planning to enforce day-to-day operational activities. For example, keeping employee attendance records, overdue purchase orders, and current stocks available.

·      It is achieved with the aid of Data Processing Systems (DPS).

Data Dictionary System Analysis and Design

 SAD-PDF                                 Instagram                              Twitter                        YouTube

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Data Dictionary

A data dictionary is a structured repository of data elements in the system. It stores the descriptions of all DFD data elements that is, details and definitions of data flows, data stores, data stored in data stores, and the processes.

A data dictionary improves the communication between the analyst and the user. It plays an important role in building a database. Most DBMSs have a data dictionary as a standard feature. For example, refer the following table −

Sr.No.	Data Name	Description	No. of Characters
1	ISBN	ISBN Number	10
2	TITLE	title	60
3	SUB	Book Subjects	80
4	ANAME	Author Name	15

sitaramsahu.blogspot.com

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

if I give you knowledgeful Information then,

 Subscribe my on You Tube Channel

link1

Follow me on Instagram

link2

follow me on Facebook

link3

Follow me on Twitter

link4

If you know about crypto currency then I have some apps for you.

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

1. CoinDCX

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

2. coin switch

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

3.BTRLexchange

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

4. Affiliate Marketing 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

online-income

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

online-earning

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

System Analysis & Design.

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

#systemanalysisanddesign #systemanalysis #systemdesign

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

BCA,                    SAD(System Analysis & Design),                   Allrounder Sita Ram Sahu

 Thanks for coming my blog.